Inflammatory Optic Neuropathies
Deterioration of optic nerve functions as a result of inflammation leads to the picture of “optic neuritis”.
The most common causes are multiple sclerosis, infective neuropathies, granulomatous infections and intraocular infections.
Clinical; acute onset occurs with unilateral pain around the eye and loss of vision.
For the diagnosis, visual acuity, color vision, light reflex and visual field should be evaluated and examined by cranial MRI.

Ischemic Optic Neuropathies
It is the most common type of optic neuropathy in the elderly. There are two types of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy ( AION), which is characterized by swelling in the optic disc, and posteior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), in which the optic disc initially appears normal, there is an effect on the more posterior parts of the optic nerve.

The best known of the systemic diseases seen with AION is temporal arteritis
however, most of the cases are healthy or just people with hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Since the natural courses and treatments are completely different, it is important to distinguish between arteritis-related and non-arteritis-related (NAION).
The common causes of arteritic ischemic optic neuropathies are conditions such as Herpes zoster, recurrent polychondritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Takayusu arteritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Behçet’s Disease ….

Traumatic Optic Neuropathies
These are conditions that occur as a result of exposure of the optic nerve to direct or indirect trauma and usually lead to severe and permanent vision loss. It can be damaged by broken bones damaging the optic nerve as a result of trauma, or by bleeding that occurs compressing the optic nerve. Since it usually occurs in head injuries and cases accompanied by loss of consciousness, diagnosis may be delayed.
Traumatic optic neuropathies are usually unilateral. Visual acuity and color vision function are impaired, visual field defects and visual evoked potentials are impaired. In the acute period, the examination of the bottom of the eye is normal, atrophy develops after 4-6 weeks.

Compressive Optic Neuropathies
They are formed when the optic nerve undergoes pressure in the orbit, in the optic canal, or in the head.It is most often pressed in orbit. The most common causes of compressive optic neuropathies in orbit are troid orbitopathy, pseudotumor orbit, orbital cellulitis and orbital traumas.The causes of pressure in the head are; pituitary adenoma, suprasellar meningioma, carotid aneurysms, hydrocephalus and chronic intracranial pressure increase.

Infiltrative Optic Neuropathies
It occurs as a result of direct invasion of the optic nerves by tumor cells or inflammatory cells. An acute vision loss occurs, a detailed examination with neuroophthalmological examination, orbital and cranial MRI blood and CSF tests is required.
The main causes of infiltrative optic neuropathy caused by cancer cells are leukemia, lymphoma, tumor of optic nerve origin, orbital tumors, metastatic tumors, and meningeal carcinomas.
Infiltrative optic neuropathy due to inflammation is caused by diseases such as sarcoidosis, viral infections, bacterial infections and amyloidosis.

Toxic and Nutritional Optic Neuropathies
In this type of optic neuropathy caused by causes such as vitamin deficiencies and alcohol intoxication, visual acuity, color vision deteriorate and vision loss occurs in the center of the visual field. Although it starts in one eye, the other eye is held in a short time. Vision loss progresses gradually.
It can occur as a result of strict diets, gastrointestinal absorption disorders, insufficient and unbalanced nutrition. The most common deficiencies are B1( thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6 ( pyridoxine), B12 ( cobalamin) and folic acid.
Toxic optic neuropathies can be due to the side effects of some medications used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as as a result of heavy alcohol and cigarette use in people with alcohol addiction.

Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Optic neuropathy may be the only pathological symptom in hereditary optic neuropathies, and it may occur as one of the clinical symptoms in many hereditary diseases. Although clinical symptoms appear in most patients within the first 20 years, onset may be delayed until 60-70 years of age. Progressive vision in both eyes leads to vision and visual field defects.
Many causes of hereditary optic neuropathy have been identified, which can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-chromosome-related and passed on from the mother.

What is Double Vision ?

In order to achieve clear vision, both eyes must be healthy and able to move harmoniously. Double vision, which occurs when viewed with one eye, occurs in pathologies caused by the eye. Double vision, which occurs when looking with double eyes, can occur as a result of diseases of the brain, nerves that move the eyes, eye muscles, or November that restrict the movement of the eye.
Cerebral hemorrhages, tumors, vascular blockages, aneurysms and all conditions that lead to an increase in intracranial pressure can cause double vision. Idiopathic Intracranial hypertension, also called pseudotumor cerebri, is a common condition that leads to an increase in pressure, vision loss and double vision without a detected disease in the brain.
The causes of vision loss by affecting the visual nerves may be traumas, metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, vitamin deficiencies, aneurysms or tumors that directly pressure the nerves.
Diseases affecting the eye muscles are often genetically transmitted November muscular dystrophies, autoimmune diseases or metabolic diseases.

What is a Pseudotumor Cerebri ?

It usually occurs in young, overweight women. The most common symptoms are headache, vision loss and tinnitus. Patients may also have hearing loss and ear discharge. In general, men complain of vision loss without headache, and women consult a doctor with a headache complaint before vision loss develops. If the diagnosis and treatment are delayed, the loss in the visual field may become permanent.
It is thought to be caused by some hormone and drug treatments, vitamin deficiencies and obesity.
For diagnosis, it is necessary to investigate and exclude many diseases that lead to an increase in intracranial pressure. Cranial MRI and BBT are important in diagnosis. For a definitive diagnosis, the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid is measured by performing a lumbar puncture.

What is Temporal Arteritis ?

It is a vasculitis that involves large and medium-width arteries. Vision loss can be prevented with rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Clinical symptoms: The average age of occurrence is 70 years, it is more common in women. Headache occurs with fatigue in the jaw, pain, sharpening of the temporal artery and tenderness on the scalp. In addition, weakness, fever, muscle and ear pain may be observed November. Severe vision loss is typical. Initially, unilateral involvement occurs, if left untreated, involvement in the other eye is inevitable within days and weeks.
For diagnosis, tests such as sedimentation, CRP are considered. The definitive diagnosis is made by temporal artery biopsy.

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

It is a chronic autoimmune disease. November weakness occurs in muscles due to antibodies developed by the body against receptors at its own nerve-muscle junction. Nov. November weakness occurs in muscles due to antibodies developed by the body against receptors at its own nerve-muscle junction. Usually the first symptom is low eyelid and double vision. Especially when tired or towards evening, there are complaints of single or double-sided eyelid lowering and double vision of different characteristics. The disease, which has been effective only around the eyes for several years, can then progress in some patients and spread to the entire November muscles. Complaints such as speech and swallowing disorders, respiratory problems, rapid fatigue are also added to the table.
For diagnosis, it is necessary to perform a neuroophthalmological examination and special tests for the diagnosis of the disease. The “Single Fiber EMG” method used for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis disease has a sensitivity of up to 90% for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.
The treatment of myasthenia gravis disease is mainly based on drug therapy.  Studies conducted show that the disease is closely related to the functions of the thymus gland, therefore, thymoma research and thymectomy operation are recommended in all patients.