SEQUENCE OF TENSES
1 –
Proficiency Sınavı
(
Proficiency Sınavı
için Bireysel – Özel Ders )
2 –
Proficiency Sınavı
(
Proficiency Sınavı
için 4 kişilik Gruplarla Ders )
Proficiency sınavı için hazırlanan proficiency aday öğrencilerinin, İngilizce gramerinde bilmesi gerekli olan konulardan biri. Bu konuları bilmeyen öğrencilerin proficiency sınavı gibi akademik bir sınavda başarılı olması beklenemez. Essay yazımlarında yada reading parçalarında sık sık görülen bu tür cümle yapılarının ve karakterlerinin bilinmesi zaruridir.
What / All + subject + verb + be ………………….
Emphasising what someone likes, wants or needs, we use the structure
what + subject + verb + be ……..
with one of the verbs listed below :
adore – love – enjoy – like – dislike – loathe – hate – need – prefer – want
The second clause contains be followed by a noun group which refers back to the first verb :
What
he needed
was
someone to love. ( emphatic )
= He needed someone to love.
Exercise 1 . Rewrite the follwing sentences, emphasising what the person wants, needs, likes, etc.
1 ) We loved dancing all night.
What we loved was dancing all night.
2 )
I enjoy doing nothing on Sundays.
3 )
He wanted to find a better job.
4 )
You need a doctor.
5 )
I hate people who lie.
6 )
The girls love pop music.
7 )
My brother loathes smoking.
8 )
He adored his new wife.
9 )
The politicians liked being on T.V.
10 )
We are disliked exams at school.
Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences, using the same pattern as all + subject + want, needi like, etc.
1 )
I want my freedom.
All I want is my freedom.
2 )
I only want to leave.
3 )
We only need love.
4 )
He only enjoys reading novels.
5 )
The boys only needed each other.
6 )
Ebru just wants to go out with her friends.
7 )
They only needed each other.
8 )
Nelson Mandela wanted equality.
9 )
They disliked the end of the film.
Using cleft sentences to emphasise time expressions
Exercise 3.
Complete these sentences, using
all
or
what
to make
cleft sentences.
1 ) She eats chocolate all day.
All she does is eat chocolate all day.
What she does is eat chocolate all day.
2 )
The boys only watched football.
3 )
My father drinks mil at dinner.
4 )
I stay in the kitchen at parties.
5 )
The baby cried all night.
6 )
Hakan and Göksel speak Turkish in class.
7 )
You listen to your mother’s advice.
8 )
We just visit our friends every week.
9 )
Ali gambles all his money on horses.
10 )
The couple just talk each other.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS
Perfect participle constructions can be used instead of clauses in
simple past, present perfect
and
past perfect.
The action described by the participle construction has always taken place before the action in the main clause. The use of these structures enriches your languages.
1 .
I have been on holiday with her
so
I never want to go again. ( active )
Having been on holiday with her, I never want to go again.
2 . He’s been arrested
and
he is going to prison.
Having
been arrested, he is going to prison. ( passive )
3 .
She was bored,
so
she left her job. ( participle used as an adjective )
Having been bored, she left her job.
4 . She was uneducated,
so
she couldnt work for NATO.
Not having been educated, she couldnt work for NATO. ( negative )
Exercise 4 . Rewrite the following sentences, adding a perfect participle construction in an active or passive form, following the examples.
1 . We’ve been invited to the party so we should go.
Having been invited to the party, we should go.
2 .
I’ve been robbed so I havent got any money.
3 . We were ill so we couldnt go to work.
4 . She’s had two children so she decided it was enough.
5 . They’ve lived abroad for many years so they decided to come home.
6 . I have been given this shirt so I have to wear it.
7 . He’s been to a party so he’s got a headache.
8 . I havent spoken to him so I dont know what he is like.
9 . You havent been given permission to leave so you must stay here.
10 . They havent studied English so they cant read the book.
TEST ON PARTICIPLES
Exercise 5 . Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given.
1 ) …………….. from the castle, the men were captured on arrival.
a ) viewed
b ) views
c ) viewing
d ) have viewed
2 ) Once ……………. a luxury, television is important in most people’s lives.
a ) having been
b ) considered
c ) considering
d ) was considered
3 ) The house ………………. yesterday has been burgled already.
a ) sold
b ) was sold
c ) which sold
d ) having sold
4 ) The strike will go ahead on December 20th as ………………
a ) they plan
b ) planning
c ) planned
d ) having been planning
5 ) Students ………………….. cheating will be severely punished.
a ) catch
b ) catching
c ) are caught
d ) caught
6 ) …………………. breakfast, she went to work.
a ) having eaten
b ) eaten
c) being eaten
d ) eat
7 ) Arzu ………………….. at the news, said nothing.
a ) was shocked
b ) shocking
c ) shocked
d ) had been shocked
8 ) The child dropped a match ………….. the house to burn down.
a ) who caused
b ) causing
c ) caused
d ) is causing
9 ) Weapons ……………..in wartime, were in the museum.
a ) used
b ) use
c ) were used
d ) had been used
10 ) Journalists ………………. photographs, will be arrested.
a ) had taken
b ) took
c ) taking
d ) they are taking
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
If the verb in the main clause has some present content or is in the simple future tense, the verb in the subordinate clause can be either the present, future or past tense.
Study the table and note the tense possibilities :
main clause subosdinate clause
Present We appreciate
that you
work
hard.
Simple
I’ll go
Future
I’ll find out when they
are going.
I’ll tell him
If the verb of the main clause is in the past tense, the verb in the subordinate clause becomes a suitable past tense too.
Study the table.
Main Clause
I
head
I
knew
I
asked
He
was driving
to Ankara
I
didnt understand
He
could have got
here
I
would write
him a letter
She
was writing
She
had finished
Subordinate Clause
he
had passed
his driving test.
he
would pass
his driving test.
where he
had gone.
while I
was travelling
by train to İzmir.
why he
couldnt have told
me himself.
if he
had tried.
if I
had
the time.
the letter when the boss
was
out for lunch.
the letter before he
came
back at 2.45.
TENSES WITH ‘ SINCE ‘
Since must have a perfect verb phrases in the main clause. It must have either a
present perfect, past perfect, or modal + perfect :
We havent heard
Mary left now
Since
Mary
left
home for London, we
havent heard
from her at all.
simple past
They havent heard
Mary left I visited the family now.
I visited Mary’s family yesterday. They said that
since
Mary
left
, they
hadnt had
any word from her either.
= From the time Mary left to yesterday the family hadnt had any word from her.
Exercise 6 . Complete these sentences with the correct verb form.
1 ) Diana has become very famous in her own right since her marriage to Prince Charles. ( become )
2 ) We ………………….. each other since she went to study in America last year. ( not see )
3 ) I ……………. a holiday since I …………………… my new job. ( not have / start )
4 ) We ……………….. in İzmir since 1985 when my father started work at the university. ( live )
5 )
Elizabeth …………………….. Queen of England since her father died in 1952. ( be )
Tenses with ‘ while ‘
While
is often followed by the progressive form of the verb :
We
were sitting
in the park eating ice – cream
while
you
were working
in a hot classroom.
While
I
am working
away from home, my wife
stays
with her sister.
While
Professor Ozan
was giving
his boring lecture, most of the students
fell asleep.
While
I
am staying
in Milas, I
will visit
my relatives.
NOTE :
Sometimes the simple present tense suggests habit and continuity :
I
watch
TV
while
he
works.
Exercise 7 . Complete the sentences with a suitable verb form in brackets.
1 ) I was watching television while he was doing the washing – up. ( watch )
2 ) Agatha Christie …………….. at the Pera Palas Hotel while she was in Istanbul. ( stay )
3 ) You shoul keep quiet while your children …………………. their homework. ( do )
4 ) While we ……………… in Italy, our bags were stolen. ( travel )
5 ) While he ……………. from Erzurum, he ……….. his girlfriend six times on his car phone. ( drive / call )
6 ) While outside the storm ……………, we stayed warm and dry in front of a log fire. ( rage )
Tenses with ‘ while ‘
Exercise 8. Complete these sentences with a suitable verb form in brackets, paying attention to the tense.
1 ) After being questioned all night at the police station, the suspect was allowed to leave. ( allow )
2 ) Before the teacher handed out the question papers for the exam he ………….the exam regulations to the class. ( explain )
3 ) My sister made lots of new friends while she ……………… in England. ( stay )
4 ) In schools in Turkey the students stand up when the teacher ………. into the classroom. ( come )
5 ) When my brother gets his first pay – cheque from his new job at he bank, he says he ………….. us all out for a curry at the new Indian restaurant. ( take )
6 ) Whenever my uncle comes to visit us, he always …………….. ( want to know ) how I am getting on at school and he …………… about my marks. ( ask )
7 ) Since productivity has increased at the factory, the boss …………. a lot happier. ( seem to be )
8 ) ‘ Silence ‘ in court ! shouted the judge and ………………. the public gallery that arrests might be made. ( warn )
9 ) Emel Yüksel was told to report to the headmaster’s study because he …………….. a window in the school library with a stone. ( break )
10 ) Because of the strike, they …………… ( delay ) at the airport for twelve hours until the air traffic controllers ………………… ( return ) to work.